الحمد لله رب العالمين وارث الأرض ومن عليها، والصلاة والسلام على أشرف المرسلين، سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه وسلم، معلم الأمة وقدوتها في سلوك سبيل العلم والبحث والتدبر.

وبعد،

استكمالًا للمسير في درب البحث العلمي، يصدر مركز الدراسات القانونية والقضائية الإصدار الأول من المجلد العشرين من المجلة القانونية والقضائية.

يحتوي هذا الإصدار على تنوع محمود وثري في البحوث القانونية، سواء من حيث المجالات القانونية التي تتناولها أم الموضوعات التي تركز عليها. فمن ناحية، تناول أحد الأبحاث مسألة الضمانات التأديبية لأعضاء هيئة التدريس في جامعة قطر كأحد الموضوعات المهمة؛ لما لطائفة أعضاء هيئة التدريس من خصوصية من حيث طبيعة عملهم وجمعه بين العمل الأكاديمي والبحثي وكذلك الإداري.

ومن ناحية ثانية، تناولت بعض الأبحاث موضوع الذكاء الاصطناعي، حيث تناول بعض الأبحاث مسألة استخدامه في أعمال القضاء والعدالة التنبؤية وعلاقته بالقاضي الطبيعي، وما إذا كان بديلًا أم معاونًا له، بينما تناول بحث آخر مدى خضوع أعمال الذكاء الاصطناعي لأحكام القوانين والنظم القانونية السارية، ومدى الحاجة إلى التعديل التشريعي لتغطية أعماله والمسؤولية الناشئة عنه.

ومن ناحية ثالثة، تناولت بعض الأبحاث موضوعات حيوية على صعيد القانون الدولي، حيث تعرض أحد الأبحاث إلى إشكالية الهجمات الإيرانية على دولة قطر وعدم مشروعيتها وخرقها لقواعد القانون الدولي العام، بينما تعرض بحث آخر إلى الاستيطان الإسرائيلي في الأراضي الفلسطينية والموقف الدولي والإقليمي من هذا الاستيطان غير المشروع، الذي يخالف مبادئ القانون الدولي، كما يعد ارتكابًا لجرائم ضد الإنسانية وفقًا لمبادئ القانون الدولي الإنساني.

ومن ناحية رابعة، تناول أحد الأبحاث مسألة الحماية الجنائية للبيانات الشخصية، سواء على الصعيد القطري الوطني أم على الصعيد الدولي، وأثر ذلك على الأفراد وحرمة حياتهم الخاصة.

ومن ناحية أخيرة، تناول أحد الأبحاث تحليلًا مهمًا لحماية المستهلك الإلكتروني في ضوء مبدأ الالتزام بالمطابقة في القانون القطري والقانون المقارن والاتفاقيات الدولية.

نأمل أن يمثل هذا الإصدار إضافة علمية للمكتبة القطرية القانونية؛ ليكون بمثابة الغيض من فيض العلم، يستلهم منه رجال القانون رؤاهم، ويهتدون بضوئه في مسيرتهم البحثية.

والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته،

This study aims to examine the issue of Israeli settlement expansion in the occupied Palestinian territories, particularly in light of the Israeli policy that has not ceased since the Palestinian Nakba of 1948. This policy creates new realities on Palestinian land through its continued construction of settlements, in clear and explicit violation of the rules of international law, particularly international humanitarian law. This is likely to alter the demographic and geographic composition of the occupied Palestinian territories, thereby impacting the elements of statehood and the future formation of a Palestinian state.

The study also focuses on clarifying the position of the United Nations and its various bodies, such as the General Assembly, the UN Security Council, and the International Court of Justice, on this issue. In addition, it reviews the positions of successive US administrations since 1953 regarding Israeli settlement in the occupied Palestinian territories.

The study includes several conclusions to limit this expansionist settlement policy, which threatens international peace and security and eliminates any opportunity for achieving peace in the Middle East and establishing a Palestinian state on Palestinian national soil with Jerusalem as its capital, in accordance with the rules of international law and relevant international legitimacy resolutions.

With the expansion and increasing complexity of interpersonal relations, and the evolution of contracts in terms of both concept and scope of conclusion, it has become necessary for legislators—at both the domestic and international levels—to undertake certain legislative reforms and to adopt specific legal principles. Among these are the duty of disclosure and the regulation of the pre-contractual phase.
One of the most significant of these emerging principles is the "duty of conformity," a doctrine that has been embraced by legal systems within the Anglo-Saxon tradition, as well as by various international instruments, including the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) of 1980, and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts.
Upon examining the provisions of the duty of conformity as set forth in those instruments, and comparing them with the corresponding provisions under Qatari law, it becomes evident that the Qatari legal framework does not explicitly recognize the duty of conformity as a general legal rule. Rather, the principle appears in a fragmented manner across various legal texts.
In light of this, the study concludes with a recommendation to establish a general theory for the duty to ensure conformity, and to clearly delineate its specific legal foundations. This would eliminate the current dispersion of relevant provisions across the general rules of contracts in the Civil Code, the Commercial Law, and the Consumer Protection Law, thereby transforming the duty of conformity into an autonomous legal obligation that is not subject to the uncertainties of general legal principles.

Mechanisms of justice rely on several tools for implementation within court systems—most notably through the training and qualification of judicial personnel and the appointment of outstanding individuals to this sensitive role. Additionally, justice is supported by legislative reforms, the enactment of laws organizing court functions, and the enhancement of judicial systems, including digital transformation in court operations and verdict issuance.
Electronic litigation has been adopted to varying extents across many countries, including Qatar. It primarily encompasses case registration and tracking until final judgment. This system is undoubtedly a form of expedited justice. Yet, recently, artificial intelligence has emerged—hailed as one of the most advanced technologies from global tech corporations. AI offers individuals, businesses, and governments smarter pathways to complete processes, especially in critical fields like medicine through disease diagnosis and treatment recommendations.
Some advanced nations have already incorporated AI into judicial and law enforcement contexts, despite its potential dangers if not programmed ethically and in alignment with legal principles and human rights. AI systems simulate human intelligence, relying on machine learning and algorithms. However, incorrect implementation may lead to discriminatory outcomes—as seen in the United States where AI systems used in predictive policing led to racial bias against Black communities when forecasting crime likelihood in specific regions.
Given the increasing importance of AI in judicial and security systems locally, regionally, and globally, various charters and ethical frameworks have been developed to regulate its use. AI is expected to have a prominent presence in courts as an assistant in delivering timely justice—helping judges review case files, summarize documents, and detect inconsistencies.
But this raises fundamental questions: Can AI predict case outcomes for litigants? Can such systems be integrated within Qatari courts despite the litigants’ need for a natural judge? What legal weight would AI-generated rulings carry? Will robots replace human judges, or merely assist them? If replacement becomes a reality, what legislation will govern their presence in courtrooms? And what role will the judge retain, considering the judiciary is a cornerstone in upholding the law?
Importantly, these systems hold “black boxes” of opacity, demanding cautious integration into legal structures without compromising fundamental human rights. These issues form the core of this study.

In light of the tremendous and rapid developments the world is witnessing in the information technology sector, and the enormous and dangerous impacts it has had on all economic, political, legal, security, and cultural levels. Moreover, given the penetration of artificial intelligence into all aspects of human life on this planet, it has become important for researchers, particularly legal professionals, to keep pace with this development and identify the legal and security challenges arising from this sector.
One of the most prominent legal and security challenges we will face in the near future is the hypothesis that artificial intelligence applications will be outside the rule of law, specifically autonomous artificial intelligence applications and robots that make their decisions independently of their developers, operators, or users.
Our study focuses on the problem of whether the law can govern artificial intelligence. To this end, we have divided the research into three sections. The first provides a brief overview of artificial intelligence, its origins, and emerging crime patterns. The second section addresses the stage of artificial intelligence's legality. The final section examines the hypothesis that it will be outside the rule of law. We conclude the research with a set of findings and recommendations.

In recent years, the digital space has witnessed rapid advancements in information technologies and communication networks, transforming personal data into highly sensitive and valuable digital assets that are deeply intertwined with the lives of individuals, institutions, and states. This technological progress has been accompanied by an unprecedented rise in cyber threats targeting privacy and personal data, exploiting legal gaps and challenges at both the national and international levels, which hinder effective response mechanisms.
This study aims to examine the existing Qatari and international legal frameworks concerned with individuals' privacy and personal data, and to assess their effectiveness in addressing the growing and complex cyber threats. The research also highlights the legal challenges associated with these frameworks at both the national and international levels.
The researchers employed a descriptive and analytical methodology, supported by the critical approach within the process of description and analysis, in order to deconstruct the relevant legal challenges. The study relies on a range of Qatari laws and international conventions.
The research concludes with a set of proposed recommendations that are hoped to contribute to addressing the identified legal challenges and enhancing the effectiveness of efforts to combat cyber threats targeting personal data—ultimately fostering a safer and more sustainable digital environment.

This study examines the disciplinary guarantees afforded to faculty members at Qatar University through a comparative analytical approach. It aims to clarify the legal framework governing disciplinary accountability and to analyze the procedural and substantive safeguards that ensure disciplinary justice within the academic environment. The study is based on the importance of achieving a balance between the authority of university administration to discipline faculty members and the necessity of protecting their rights in accordance with the principles of legality and procedural fairness.
The research adopts the descriptive–analytical method in examining the legal provisions and regulations governing university discipline, in addition to the comparative method by drawing on selected comparative legal systems, particularly the Egyptian legal system. The study addresses disciplinary guarantees across three main stages: guarantees during the investigation phase, guarantees associated with the imposition of disciplinary sanctions, and guarantees following the issuance of disciplinary decisions.
The study concludes that the disciplinary system at Qatar University provides several essential safeguards for the protection of faculty members’ rights. However, some aspects still require further legislative organization and clarification in order to strengthen disciplinary justice and achieve a better balance between institutional discipline and the protection of academic rights.

This research addresses the legal characterization of the Iranian attacks on the State of Qatar in light of the international legal norms governing the use of force and the rules of state responsibility, a matter of increasing importance within the evolving contemporary international system, where instances of resorting to armed force outside traditional dispute-resolution frameworks have been on the rise. The study aims to subject the events associated with these attacks to a rigorous legal analysis grounded in the principles enshrined in the United Nations Charter, particularly the foundational rule prohibiting the threat or use of force in international relations, which constitutes one of the cornerstone principles underpinning the modern international legal order.
The study takes as its point of departure the official data disclosed by the Qatari authorities, including statements issued on 10 March 2026 and reported by the Qatari News Agency. These sources indicate that the attacks, carried out through ballistic missiles and armed drones, targeted multiple types of assets within Qatari territory, affecting approximately 35% of military installations, 25% of civilian infrastructure, and 40% of energy-related facilities and associated infrastructure. This proportional distribution of targets highlights the complex nature of the attacks in terms of scope and potential legal consequences, raising precise legal questions regarding the proper characterization of these acts under international law, particularly concerning the protection of state sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Accordingly, the research is based on the premise that any use of armed force in inter-state relations is subject to a set of strict legal constraints established under public international law, foremost among them the principle of prohibition of the use of force as a peremptory norm of international law. Accordingly, the study seeks to determine the legal nature of these attacks and assess their consistency or incompatibility with relevant international norms, as well as to elucidate the legal consequences that follow, particularly with respect to the attribution of state responsibility and the legal obligations that may arise therefrom. To achieve this purpose, the study employs an analytical approach that integrates both the theoretical foundations of the rules regulating the use of force and their application to the factual circumstances under examination, structured in a methodology distributed across two main sections, each subdivided into a series of sub-sections and branches.